維根斯坦
邏輯哲學論
Jimmy's papa的舊書架上一直躺著一本書頁早已泛黃的"邏輯哲學論",過去都是偶而翻閱但沒機會詳看,趁這次重讀時以Jimmy's papa熟悉的OOAD的觀點,好好的"曲解"一下這本難啃的書
1.The world is everything that is the case
使用者認知的世界(系統)就是一切,而那就是使用案例(UseCase)
1.1 The world is the totality of facts, not of things.
使用者認知的世界(系統)就是事實的全體,而非表單等事物
1.12 For the totality of facts determines both what is the case, and also all that is not the case.
因為事實的全體限定了什麼是使用案例，也就限定了所有為非的
1.13 The facts in logical space are the world.
在邏輯空間諸多事實即是使用者認知的世界(系統)
1.2 The world divides into facts.
使用者認知的世界(系統)可劃分為諸多事實
1.21 Any one can either be the case or not be the case, and everything else remain the same.
任一事實都成可以成為使用案例或不是，且其餘所有保持原樣
以上的敘述,Jimmy's papa以這個簡單的使用案例(UseCase)說明,購物這個使用案例,由多個事實敘述句子構成,其中的顧客登入及系統啟動訂單兩個敘述句子,還可以成為次階的使用案例(Sub UseCase)
使用案例:
購物
事實敘述:
顧客登入
系統展示已上架的產品與服務
顧客挑選產品
顧客指定付款形式
顧客指示完成購物
系統啟動訂單
2 What is the case,the fact, is the existence of atomic facts.
會成為UseCase的事實,是由諸原子事實组成的。
2.01 An atomic fact is a combination of objects (entities, things).
一個原子事實是諸物件(或實體，事物)的組合
2.011 It is essential to a thing that it can be a constituent part of an atomic fact.
可以成為某個原子事實的一個組成部分,對事物是必不可少的基本性質
2.012 In logic nothing is accidental: if a thing can occur in an atomic fact the possibility of that atomic fact must already be prejudged in the thing.
邏輯中沒有偶然,如果一個事物能出現在一個原子事實中,那麼該原子事實的可能性必定已經預先判斷於該事物中
2.0121
It would, so to speak, appear as an accident, when to a thing that could exist alone on its own account, subsequently a state of affairs could be made to fit.
If things can occur in atomic facts, this possibility must already lie in them.
(A logical entity cannot be merely possible. Logic treats of every possibility, and all possibilities are its facts.)
Just as we cannot think of spatial objects at all apart from space, or temporal objects apart from time, so we cannot think of any object apart from the possibility of its connexion with other things.
If I can think of an object in the context of an atomic fact, I cannot think of it apart from the possibility of this context.
如果一個事物本身就可以獨立存在，那麼後來可適用於它本身的事態看來就可以說是一種偶然。
如果事物出现在原子事實之中，那麼這種可能性必定是早就存在於事物之中的。
(在邏輯中没有僅僅是可能的。邏輯涉及每一種可能性，而一切可能性都是邏輯的事實。）
正如我們不能在空間以外來思考空間物件，或者是在時間以外來思考時間物件一樣，我们也不可能脫離和其他事物相结合的可能性來思考任何物件。
如果我能够思考在原子事實背景下的物件，我就不能離開這種背景的可能性來思考它。
2.0122 The thing is independent, in far as it can occur in all possible circumstances, but this form of independence is a form of connexion with the atomic fact, a form of dependence. (It is impossible for words to occur in two different ways, alone and in the proposition.)
在所有可能出現的情况中，事物都是獨立存在的。但是這種獨立的形式，是一種與原子事實相结合的形式，是一種依賴的形式。（詞語不可能以两種不同的形式出现，即單獨出现，或是在命题中出现。）
2.0123 If I know an object, then I also know all the possibilities of its occurrence in atomic facts.
(Every such possibility must lie in the nature of the object.)
A new possibility cannot subsequently be found.
如果我了解一個物件(如訂單)，那麼我也就知道它出现在原子事實中所有的可能性。
（所有這些可能性必定存在於物件的自然屬性中。）
之後便不能再發现一種新的可能性。
2.01231 In order to know an object, I must know not its external but all its internal qualities.
為了了解一個物件，我必須了解它的所有内在性質，而並非其外在性質。
2.0124 If all objects are given, then thereby are all possible atomic facts also given.
如果给出所有的物件(包括方法屬性)，那麼因此也就给出了所有可能的原子事實(從訂單物件的新增修改完成可反推回原子事實)
2.013 Every thing is, as it were, in a space of possible atomic facts. I can think of this space as empty, but not of the thing without the space.
每個事物都是，正如假設的那樣，處於一個由可能的原子事實空間之中；我可以
想像這樣的空間為空，我卻無法想像一個無原子事實空間可依的事物。
(正如訂單物件及其相關屬性欄位不會憑空存在,一定是因應商業上及企業內各部門稽核的事實需要而存在)
2.0131 A spatial object must lie in infinite space. (A point in space is an argument place.)
A speck in a visual field need not be red, but it must have a colour; it has, so to speak, a colour space round it. A tone must have a pitch, the object of the sense of touch a hardness, etc.
一個空間的物件必定存在於無限的空間中。（一個空間點就是一個參數位置。）
視域里的一個斑點，不一定是红的，但是它必定有某種颜色：可以說，它周圍有一個颜色空間。音调必須具有一種高度，觸覺物件必須有一種硬度，等等。
2.014 Objects contain the possibility of all states of affairs.
物件包含了一切狀況(事態)的可能性
(訂單結案或未結案或取消等等狀態)
2.0141 The possibility of its occurrence in atomic facts is the form of the object.
物件出現在原子事實中的可能性，就是物件的形式。
2.02 The object is simple.
物件是簡單的
(領域專家及技術人員在物件的基礎上溝通是簡單有效率的)
2.0201 Every statement about complexes can be analysed into a statement about their constituent parts, and into those propositions which completely describe the complexse.
每個關於複雜事物的陳述都可以分解為對其組成部分的陳述，而且能被分解成能完全描述這些複雜事物的命題陳述。(所以我們可以與領域專家持續拆解UseCase,直到原子事實)
2.021 Objects form the substance of the world. Therefore they cannnot be compound
物件形成了世界(系統)的基礎。因而它們不會是複合物。
2.0211 If the world had no substance,then whether a proposition had sense would depend on whether another proposition was true.
如果世界(系統)没有任何基礎，那麼一個命題是否有意義就依赖於另外一個命題是否為真。
2.0212 It would then be impossible to form a picture of the world(true or false).
這樣就不可能勾劃出世界的圖像（真的或假的）。
2.022 It is clear that however different from the real one an imagined world may be
it must have somthing -- a form -- in common with the real world。
儘管我們主觀想像中的世界(系統/領域模型)和現實的客觀世界是不同的，但是它們之間顯然有些東西——一種形式——是相同的。
2.023 This fixed form consists of the objects
這種固定不變的形式由物件組成。
2.0231 The substance of the world can only determine a form and not any material properties. For these are first presented by the propositions——first formed by the configuration of the objects.
世界(系統/領域模型)的基礎只能限定為一種形式，而不能限定為任何具體的屬性。因為這些屬性首先通過命題來表述——通過物件的配置來呈現。
(陳述事實時,會說系統初始訂單(物件)時填入日期(屬性)貨號(屬性)數量(屬性),所以應以物件為基礎)
2.0232 Roughly speaking: objects are colourless.
一般來說，物件是没有顏色的。
(Jimmy's papa倒是有看過有顏色的物件
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UML_colors)
2.0233 Two objects of the same logical form are——apart from their external properties——only differentiated from one another in that they are different.
兩個具有相同的邏輯形式的物件——除了外在屬性不同——唯一使它們相互區分開的就是：它們是不同的。(中譯有點怪怪的,似乎是說形式相同兩者的不同是不言自明)
2.02331 Either a thing has properties which no other has, and then one can distinguish it straight away from the others by a description and refer to it; or, on the other hand, there are several things which have the totality of their properties in common, and then it is quite impossible to point to any one of them.
For if a thing is not distinguished by anything, I cannot distinguish it——for otherwise it would be distinguished.
或者一個事物具有别的事物没有的屬性，那麼我們就可以直接通過一個表述使它同其他别的事物區別開來，並且指出它來。或者另一方面，有幾個事物的全部屬性是共有的，這時候就完全不可能指出它們中的任何一個。
如果没有任何東西可以用來區別一個事物，那麼我就不能區別出它來——因為否则它就會被區別出來。
2.024 Substance is what exists independently of what is the case.
(世界的)基礎(物件們)是獨立於發生的事情(Use Case)而存在的。
2.025 It is form and content.
它是形式和内容。
2.0251 Space, time and colour(colouredness) are forms of objetcs.
空間、時間和颜色（有色性）是物件的形式。
2.026 Only if there are objects can there be a fixed form of the world.
只有物件的存在，才能有一個固定形式的世界的存在。
(才有固定的domain model及固定的物件導向程式碼介面)
2.027 The fixed, the existent and the object are one.
固定不變的東西，存在的東西和物件是一個東西。
(物件固定的形式,包容多樣的屬性)(當我提到訂單,我可以先不理會有哪些屬性欄位,讓陳述繼續下去)
2.0271 The object is the fixed, the existent; the configuration is the changing, the variable.
物件是固定不變的，存在的，而它們的配置是多變而不定的。
(固定的物件應付多變可能的流程(事實敘述))
2.0272 The configuration of the the objects forms the atomic fact.
物件的配置構成了原子事實。
2.03 In the atomic fact objects hang one in another, like the links of a chain.
在原子事實中物件們就像鏈條般一個連結另一個
2.031 In the atomic fact the objects are combined in a definite way.
在原子事實中，物件之間以某種確定的方式相連。
2.032 The way in which objects hang together in the atomic fact is the structure of the atomic fact.
在原子事實中，物件之間相互連接的方式，即是原子事實的結構。
(訂單連結商品及顧客資料)
2.033 The form is the possibility of the structure.
形式是結構的可能性。
2.034 The structure of the fact consists of the structures of the atomic facts.
事實的結構由原子事實的結構组成。
2.04 The totality of existent atomic facts is the world.
存在的原子事實的總和即是世界。
2.05 The totality of existent atomic facts also determines which atomic facts do not exist.
存在的原子事實的總和也決定了哪些原子事實不存在。
2.06 The existence and non-existence of atomic facts is the reality.
(The existence of atomic facts we also call a positive fact, their non-existence a negative fact.)
原子事實的存在和不存在即是實相。
（我們還把原子事實的存在稱為肯定的事實，把原子事實的不存在稱為否定的事實。）
2.061 Atomic facts are independent of one another.
原子事實之間是相互獨立的。
2.062 From the existence or non-existence of an atomic fact we cannot infer the existence or non-existence of another.
從一個原子事實的存在或不存在中，我們不能推斷出另一個原子事實的存在或不存在。
2.063 The total reality is the world.
全部的實相即是世界。
2.1 We make to ourselves pictures of facts.
我們為自己構造事實的圖像。
2.11 The picture presents the facts in logical space, the existence and non-existence of atomic facts.
圖像表現了邏輯空間的，即原子事實的存在和不存在。
2.12 The picture is a model of reality.
圖像是實相的一個模型。
2.13 To the objects correspond in the picture the elements of the picture.
在圖像中圖像的要素與物件相對應。
2.131 The elements of the picture stand, in the picture, for the objects.
圖像中，圖像的各要素代表物件。
2.14 The picture consists in the fact that its elements are combined with one another in a definite way.
圖像是由圖像中各要素之間以某種特定的方式相關聯構成的。
(參看UML的Class diagram)
2.141 The picture is a fact.
圖像即是一個事實。
2.15 That the elements of the picture are combined with one another in a definite way, represents that the things are so combined with one another.
This connexion of the elements of the picture is called its structure, and the possibility of this structure is called the form of representation of the picture.
圖像中的各要素以一定的方式相關聯，這也代表着事物之間也是如此相關聯的。
圖像的各要素的结合方式稱為圖像的結構，該結構的可能性也稱為該圖像的表現形式。
2.151 The form of representation is the possibility that the things are combined with one another as are the elements of the picture.
表現形式是這種可能性：即事物之間的聯系方式和圖像要素之間的聯系方式是一樣的。
(領域專家思考的與建模的UML類別圖有可能一樣)
2.1511 Thus the picture is linked with reality; it reaches up to it.
圖像就是這樣與實相结合起來。圖像伸展(逼近)到實相。
2.1512 It is like a scale applied to reality.
它就像是一把測量實相的尺子。
2.15121 Only the outermost points of the dividing lines touch the object to be measured.
只有分界线的端點(尺的標線)才能觸及那些測量的物件。
2.1513 According to this view the representing relation which makes it a picture, also belongs to the picture.
按照這個觀點，那些组成圖像的圖示關系，同樣也屬於圖像本身。
2.1514 The representing relation consists of the coordinations of the elements of the picture and the things.
圖示關系是由圖像要素和事物之間的配合構成的。
2.1515 These coordinations are as it were the feelers of its elements with which the picture touches reality.
這些相互配合的關系就好像是圖像要素的觸角一樣，是圖像用來觸摸實相的觸角。
2.16 In order to be a picture a fact must have something in common with what it pictures.
為了表達圖像，事實本身與該圖像必須有某種共同的東西。
2.161 In the picture and the pictured there must be something identical in order that the one can be a picture of the other at all.
在圖像和被圖示物件之間必須有某種相同一的東西，只有這樣前者才能稱為後者的圖像。
2.17 What the picture must have in common with reality in order to be able to represent it after its manner——rightly or falsely——is its form of representation.
圖像為了能够以自己的方式正確地或錯誤地表現實相——圖像與實相必須有共同的東西即它的表現形式。
2.171 The picture can represent every reality whose form it has.
The spatial picture, everything spatial, the coloured, everything coloured, etc.
圖像能够代表其形式為圖像所具有的一切實相。
空間圖像能够代表一切的東西，颜色圖像能够代表一切有颜色的東西，等等。
2.172 The picture, however, cannot represent its form of representation; it shows it forth.
然而圖像却無法表現它自己的表現形式。它只是將其顯示出來。
2.173 The picture represents its object from without(its standpoint is its form of representation), therefore the picture represents its object rightly or falsely.
圖像從外部來表現它的物件。（它的觀點就是它的表現形式。）因此圖像會正確地或者錯誤地表現它的物件。
2.174 But the picture cannot place itself outside of its form of representation.
但是圖像不能將自身置於其表現形式之外。
2.18 What every picture, of whatever form, must have in common with reality in order to be able to represent it at all——rightly or falsely——is the logical form, that is, the form of reality.
無論何種形式的圖像，為了能够完全地表達實相——正確地或錯誤地——它必須與實相共有的東西，就是邏輯形式，即實相的形式。
2.181 If the form of representation is the logical form, then the picture is called a logical picture.
如果這種表現形式是邏輯的形式，那麼圖像也可以稱為一幅邏輯圖像。
2.182 Every picture is also a logical picture. (On the other hand, for example, not every picture is spatial.)
同樣，每一幅圖像也是一幅邏輯圖像。（從另一方面來說，舉個例子，並非每一幅圖像都是空間圖像。）
2.19 The logical picture can depict the world.
邏輯圖像可以描繪世界(系統/領域模型)。
(UML圖)
2.2 The picture has the logical form of representation in common with what it pictures.
圖像與它所描述的物件具有相同的邏輯表現形式。
2.201 The picture depicts reality by representing a possibility of the existence and non-existence of atomic facts.
圖像通過表現原子事實存在和不存在的可能性來描繪實相。
2.202 The picture represents a possible state of affairs in logical space.
圖像表現邏輯空間中的可能事態。
2.203 The picture contains the possibility of the state of affairs which it represents.
圖像包含了它所要表現的事態的可能性。
2.21 The picture agrees with reality or not; it is right or wrong, true or false.
圖像與實相一致或不一致；它是正確的或錯誤的；真的或假的。
2.22 The picture represents what it represents, independently of its truth or falsehood, through the form of representation.
圖像通過表現形式來描述它所要描述的事物，這與它的真假無關。
2.221 What the picture represents is its sense.
圖像所表示的就是它的意義。
2.222 In the agreement or disagreement of its sense with reality, its truth or falsity consists.
圖像的真或假就在於它的意義與實相相符或者不相符。
(技術人員可畫出漂亮的UML圖,但可能與商務領域不相干)
2.223 In order to discover whether the picture is true or false we must compare it with reality.
要想發現圖像是真還是假，我們必須將其與實相進行比较。
(而且要持續比較,直到為真,與領域專家確認)
2.224 It cannot be discovered from the picture alone whether it is true or false.
單從圖像本身不能發現它的真假。
2.225 There is no picture which is a priori true.
没有先天為真的圖像。
(所以要持續修正)
3 The logical picture of the facts is the thought.
事實的邏輯圖像就是思想。
3.001 “An atomic fact is thinkable”——means: we can imagine it.
“原子事實是可以思考的”——這句話的意思是：我們可以想象它的圖像。
3.01 The totality of true thoughts is a picture of the world.
所有為真的思想(事實的邏輯圖像)的總和就是世界的圖像。
3.02 The thought contains the possibility of the state of affairs which it thinks.
What is thinkable is also possible.
思想(事實的邏輯圖像)包含了它所想的事態的可能性。
可想的也就是可能的。
3.03 We cannot think anything unlogical, for otherwise we should have to think unlogically.
我們不能想不合邏輯的東西，因為那樣的話，我們就必然要不合邏輯地去想。
3.031 It used to be said that God could create everything, except what was contrary to the laws of logic. The truth is, we could not say of an “unlogical” world how it would look.
通常說，上帝能够創造一切，除了那些違反邏輯规律的東西。也就是說，我們不能說一個“非邏輯的”世界會是什麼樣子。
3.032 To present in language anything which “contradicts logic” is as imposssible as in geometry to present by its coordinates a figure which contradicts the laws of space; or to give the coordinates of a point which does not exist.
在语言中表現任何“違反邏輯”的東西，都是不可能的，這就好比在幾何学中不能用座標來表現違反空間规律的圖形，或者给出一個並不存在的點的座標一樣。
(這是否說領域專家所說的都是符合邏輯的)
3.0321 We could present spatially an atomic fact which contradicted the laws of physics, but not one which contradicted the laws of geometry.
我們能在空間上表現一個違反物理规律的原子事實，但是我們不能在空間上表現違反幾何规律的原子事實。
(魔術家可以玩魔術,但是......)****
3.04 An a priori true thought would be one whose possibility guaranteed its truth.
一個先天就正確的思想(事實的邏輯圖像)，應該是一個自身的可能性就保證了其真理性。
3.05 Only if we could know a priori that a thought is true if its truth was to be recognized from the thought itself(without an object of comparison).
只有當一個思想的真從它自身就能看出時（不需要同任何東西比較），我們才能先天地就知道這個思想是真的。
3.1 In the proposition the thought is expressed perceptibly through the senses.
在命題中，思想通過一種可由感官感覺到的方式來表達。
3.11 We use the sensibly perceptible sign(sound or written sign, etc.) of the proposition as a projection of the possible state of affairs.
The method of projection is the thinking of the sense of the proposition.
我們用命題中可由感官感知的符號（聲音的或書寫的符號，等等）來作為可能出現的事態的投影。
投影的方法就是對命題意義的思考。
3.12 The sign through which we express the thought I call the propositional sign. And the proposition is the propositional sign in its projective relation to the world.
我將那些用來表達思想的符號稱為命題符號。一個命題就是一個處在對世界的投影關系中的命題符號。
3.13 To the proposition belongs everything which belongs to the projection; but not what is projected.
Therefore the possibility of what is projected but not this itself.
In the proposition, therefore, its sense is not yet contained, but the possibility of expressing it.
(“The content of the proposition” means the content of the significant proposition.)
In the proposition the form of its sense is contained, but not its content.
一切屬於投影的東西都屬於命題，而不包含被投影者。
因此，命題包括的是被投影者的可能性，而不是被投影者本身。
因此，在命題中就不包含其自身的意義，而僅僅包含表達它的可能性。
（“命題的内容”是指有意義的命題的内容。）
命題中包含命題意義的形式，但非其内容。
3 The logical picture of the facts is the thought.
諸事實的邏輯圖像就是思想。
4 The thought is the significant proposition.
思想是有意義的命题
5 Propositions are truth-functions of elementary propositions.
命题是基本命题的真值函数
7 Whereof one cannot speak,thereof one must be silent.
說不清楚的,超出界線的,就閉嘴,交給上頭以業務或法務手段解決!!!
Jimmy's papa還在寫(掰).......
